Technological Innovations In The Banking Industry And Their Effects On Performance Finance Essay - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 8 Words: 2433 Downloads: 2 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Information Systems Essay Type Research paper Did you like this example? CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION In recent times, the emergence of Information Technology has been incorporated into the Banking Industry. This advent of Information Technology (IT) has propelled a noticeable change in the Banking Sector. Information Technology (IT) to all computer based information systems used by an organisation and their underlying technologies (Langdon and Langdon, 2006) Information Technology systems are revolutionising the operations of firms, industries and markets. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Technological Innovations In The Banking Industry And Their Effects On Performance Finance Essay" essay for you Create order Langdon and Langdon also defined an IT system as a set of interrelated components that collect (or remove), process, store and distribute information to support decision making, coordination and control. It also helps managers and workers to analyse problems, visualise complex subjects and create new products. IT is one of the most important tools along with the innovations in organisations and management. Research has shown the investment in IT plays a critical role in increasing the productivity of firms (Zhu et a l, 2004 The business world is in the midst of a networking and communication revolutions driven by the growth of internet, internet based technologies, new business models and processes that leverage the new products. Banking Trends Worldwide Over the past decade, service organisations including commercial banks have been driven by such trends such as advancements in technology and deregulation to enhance their distribution channels. Technology in Banking can mainly be found in the form of computer based applications and information technology. Currently, delivery trends in banking include, PC Banking, Internet Banking, Mobile Banking, Managed networks, TV-Based, Automated Teller Machines(ATM), Electronic Funds Transfer at Point of Sale(EFTPOS) etc. Importance of Technology in Banking A number of studies have concluded that IT has significant positive effects on bank productivity, cashiers work, banking transactions, bank patronage as well as its service delivery thus a positive effect on growth of banking. (Balachandher et al, 2001: Hunter, 1991) It has also been said that, technology enables banks to reduce costs, i.e., reduction of operating labour cost, cost of collecting, storing and processing information fall and interest expense is more competitive because technology enables banks to access liabilities more cheaply. Also, technology enable banks to serve their customers better and faster (convenience of having 24 hour access to ATMs, internet banking and telephone banking) and also it enables banks have diverse banking products. Finally, technology enables banks increase revenue and capture new markets by offering broader array of services and doing banking business worldwide. Technology is the is the key to quality service in banking. Statement of the problem Top management in the Banking Industry invest in Information Technology with the expectation will result in higher productivity and/or provide the bank with a stronger market presence and related competitive advantage. With the deregulation of the Banking industry, completion has increased considerably thus in managing operational costs, IT has become critical to achieve a competitive advantage (Mistry, 2006) Although most researchers conducted on this topic have yielded mixed results, most of them have shown that IT and bank performance are independent of one another. However, this research is aimed at finding out if, indeed, the same holds for the Ghanaian Banking Industry or if the Ghanaian Banking Industry is benefiting from the incorporation of IT into daily banking operations. Hypothesis A scientific assumption that will consist of measurable variables linked by a relationship that explains how IT impacts bank performance in that IT has enhanced banks service deli very, product line customer data base management and credit allocation. This assumption is that the higher the IT expenditure used by a bank, the higher its revenue. Aims and Objective of study To describe the Technological Environment of Ghanas Banking Industry. To find if there is a relationship between IT and Bank Performance. Scope of the Study The study focuses on banks currently using IT based service delivery in Greater Accra Region. Furthermore, the sample size was limited to Ten (10) universal banks out Twenty-five (25) CHAPTER 2 Literature Review Firms invest substantial amounts of resources to sustain or enhance their competitive advantage, that is , their abilities to compete globally. These expenditures are usually made to sustain shareholder value through either a revenue growth strategy or a productivity strategy. According to kim et al (2004), a revenue growth strategy involves expanding new markets, new customers and service while a Productivity Strategy involves making improvements in cost structure and asset utilization. Investing in IT is highly important for improving core competencies for firms in the Banking Industry. Information Technologies are essential tools for developing new financial services, financial products and providing effective and convenient services to customers. The environment in the Banking Industry has become IT intensive (Kim et al , 2004). Banks have moved into online banking systems using IT systems such as Cash Dispensers or Automated teller Machines, Telephone Banking and Internet B anking. Several studies have been conducted to investigate the economic consequences of IT an the Banking Industry. Most of these researches focused on whether IT provides positive economic benefits or not. Although the evidence appears mixed, some studies found that the IT Productivity Paradox disappeared when the use of IT was well matched with its business strategy such as revenue growth or productivity strategy (Porter, 2001; Simmons, 1998; and Brynjolfsson and Yang, 1996). Thus managers first concern in investing in IT must be how to combine IT and business strategy in order to obtain a higher business performance. Modern Banking Practice Since the 1980s, the Banking Sector has been in a process of significant transformation that started in the United States and later moved to Europe. The main forces behind this transformation of the Banking Industry according to Reixach (2001), are deregulation and innovation in information technologies. Both forces have brought about an increased competition not only among banks but also from other financial and even non-financial institutions. Banks now depend on income from fees rather that interest rate spreads and also competition has in some cases, encouraged banks taking higher risks for which there might only be a little gain. On the other hand, the transformation of the Banking Industry has contributed to the blurring differences between retail, wholesale and investment banking. Banks in America have steered towards specialisation while in Europe the trend is tailored towards Universal Banking. Specialization has been the trend in the early Ghanaian banking industry. In the last ten years, the trend has changed with few banking converting to Universal Banks and the issuance of Universal Licences to new banks. 2.1.1 Type of IT Innovations Information technologies are having a big impact on the reshaping of the Banking Idustry leading to the development of new financial products and new means of developing them. With regards to the delivery of bank products, the last decade has seen the appearance of Automated Teller Machines (ATMs) and Telephone Banking, and now seeing the spread of Internet Banking. Banking business is now a 24 hour and a 365 day activity with customers having to spend less hours of waiting for service. The main types of IT innovations currently present in the Ghanaian Banking Industry are ATMs, Internet Banking, PC banking, Telephone Banking, Branch Networking, and Electronic Funds Transfer at Point of Sale (EFTPoS) Bank Performance According to Madura (2001), the main measures of Bank Performance are return on the asseta and return on equity. Return on Assets (ROA) is mainly influenced by financial characteristics such as net interest margin, non -interest revenue, non-interest expenses and loan losses. Bank decisions that affect the financial characteristics of banks are deposit rate decisions, loan rate decisions, loan losses, bank services offered, overhead requirements, efficiency, advertising and the risk level of loans provided. Return on equity on the other hand is influenced by the return on assets (ROA) and the banks leverage measure. Several studies have been conducted on the IT and firm performance. Advances in IT permit management to change and improve significant aspects of a firms structure and operations (Porter, 2001; Stanmbaugh and Carpenter, 1992; and Elliot, 1992). Studies investigating effect on firms profitability, according to Kim et al (2004) focused on whether It expenditur3e is converted into business value; eg. reduced expenses, increased revenue or i mproved operating performance. The evidence appear mixed on the effect of IT on financial performance (Brynjolfsson and Yang, 1996). Brynjolfsson and Hitt (1994) found out that IT improved the firms productivity and created substantial value for customers but did not improve profitability In sum, many studies have shown that IT Reduces operating costs (Barua et al, 1995) Increases market share and productivity (Brynjolfsson and Hitt, 1994) Increases future economic benefits and profitability ( Brown, Gatain, and Hicks, JR., 1995) The context of the Study History of It in Ghanas Banking Industry Abor (2002) in his paper Technological Innovations and Banking in Ghana gives a history of It in Ghana in stated that before the 1980s it was only the use of office automation devices such as Telephones, telefax and facsimile were employed to speed and make more efficient the process of serving banks customers. Later in the 1985 and beyond, as competition intensifie d and the personal computer (PC) got proletarian, banks begun using the in the back-office operations and later tellers used the for customer services. Advancements got banks networking their branches and operations and the first ATM was installed by the Trust Bank Ghana in 1995. Other technologies such as Electronic Cards became popular as foreign banks came on the scene with increased competition and service delivery that need IT. Clydestone Ghana Limited Clydestone Ghana Limited is a leading provider of information, communication and technology in Ghana. Listed as the first ICT company on the Ghana Stock Exchange is specialized in payment systems, networking and outsourcing and is the sole supplier of UNISYS in Ghana. Their outsourcing installs and manages most of Ghanas ATMs and Point of Sale Terminal (POS). CHAPTER 3 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY This chapter describes the research process. A mixture of qualitative and quantitative research techniques will be used. However, primarily a desk research will be conducted to cover the Ghanaian Banking Industry and interview with Banks IT service providers of which the greater percentage comes from Clydestone Ghana Limited. 3.1 Target Group and Sampling Procedure This research will be focused on banks, irrespective of their categories, which are currently employing some form of IT in their daily operations. Three Banks will be chosen for the case study; namely, Cal Bank Ghana Limited, EcoBank Ghana Limited and Ghana Commercial Bank Limited. Cal Bank and ECOBank are the topmost Banks which employ the most forms of IT innovations. Secondly, these banks have been involved in several changes since its attainment of a universal licence. Ghana Commercial Bank which is the traditional commercial bank has a wide network of branches but has not adopted most of the recent IT innovative service delivery products thus a part of the sample for the studies. 3.2 Sources of Data The study will obtain information from primary and secondary data 3.2.1 Primary Data Top management personnel of Clydestone Ghana Limited will be interviewed to obtain the information on the various IT devices and technologies that banks use in their daily operations. 3.2.2 Secondary Data Secondary data that will be used and are accessible are; Bankscope The Ghana Banking Survey 2000-2009 Annual Reports of the 3 named Banks The Internet 3.2.3 Time Frame Data collection will be limited to a time frame of the last nine (9) years. This is because during the period under review, the Banking Industry experienced a lot of changes; events such as the introduction of Universal Banking, the influx of Nigerian Banks, and the introduction of the new Capital Accord occurred. The period under review will be from 2001 to 2009. 3.3 Methods/Procedures A preliminary survey will be conducted to determine the number of banks currently employing some for IT in their service deliver y. This will be conducted on all twenty-five (25) banks in the Ghana Banking Industry to collect information on various IT based products for bank customers. Clydestone Ghana Limited, an IT service provider for banks, in order to determine the extent to which banks depend on information technology. These Interviews will be conducted to find out the number, types and frequency of Information Technology devices available and employed by banks. 3.4 Treatment of Finds The findings from the research process will be analysed mainly by trend analysis, ratio analysis and regression analysis to allow inferences to be made. Three measure will be used to evaluate bank performance. These are return on assets, return on equity and operating profit in three regression models. 3.4.1 Trend and Ratio Analysis This is based on the assumption that economic performance follows an established pattern and, therefore, historical data can be used to predict future business activity. This will be used to show whether since the introduction of IT in the banking industry certain variables such as loans and advances have changed with a consistence ratio. This will also be used to forecast the future of IT in banking industry. 3.4.2 Graphical Presentations These include bar charts, pie charts, tables and graphs. They will be used to show the relationship between the two variables being tested; IT and bank performance. 3.4.3 Computer Applications Microsoft Excel 2003 will be instrumental to present the findings in graphical forms, then used too interpret the finding from primary survey in order to select a sample to analyse financial ratios of the samples to be able to perform the regression analysis. 3.4.4 Regression Analysis Conceptual Framework The conceptual framework of this study, as in Figure 1 below, shows that the investments in Information Technology can influence firm performance, i.e. IT has a positive effect on performance. In order to av oid any interference by the other variables, this study includes control variables which are the firms characteristics, namely; non-interest revenues, non-interest expenses, capital structure of the bank and the growth in net interest income of the firm. The study will employ multiple regression models to examine the relationship of It investment on bank performance. Regarding the measurement of firm performance, this study will use performances which are based on accounting measures. Although some researchers have expressed concern over the use of accounting rates of return (Fisher and McGowan, 1983), most studies regard the accountin g measures as acceptable. Cheng and Chun (2005) used return on assets (ROA) as a measure of firm performance. In order to increase the reliability of empirical results, two other models will be used. These models will be return on equity and bank profit as measures of bank financial performance. To avoid the impact caused by other variable s that are absent from my model, this study refers to prior research (Cheng and Chun, 2005) and chooses the firm characteristics as capital structure and growth in net interest income. The study also refers to Kim and Davidson (2004) and selects Net Spread, Return on Equity and Return on assets as control variables with bank operating profits as the dependent variable.

The Issues Posed by Blaming Victims of Rape Essay

In contemporary North America, if one were to ask almost any member of society what were the most heinous crimes a human being could commit, almost assuredly rape would be listed amongst every top five. Maybe it would even be competing for the number one spot. It is highly unlikely, absurd even, to think that any reasonable being would not find rape (or the broader term of sexual assault used in Canada) to be an abhorrent act becoming of no real human being. However, knowing this: that is, that the vast majority of citizens in North American society are in agreement on the nature of such a crime, it is all the more puzzling that many continue to harbour a mindset that gives them the tendency to blame the victim to an extent†¦show more content†¦The woman, who had no memory of the events, only learned about the rapes on social media the day after. Ideally, a case such as this would be rather cut and dry: these two men exploited an intoxicated woman and had sex with her withou t her consent, which constitutes rape, which is a crime. However, when the case went to trial the next year, the defense attempted to of course spin it in a totally different direction: that she had led the men on and regretted it later, leading to her crying rape – and her being drunk did not excuse this behaviour (Steinhauer II, 2013). In fact, the attorneys were given the freedom to ask intrusive and uncomfortable questions because of the trial being a military court martial rather than a civilian court case. Many of the questions themselves were outright condemning of the victim (Steinhauer I, 2013) In situations such as that, it’s easy to simply look at the defense attorneys as bad people who are trying to blame the victim in an attempt to exonerate their clients. 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Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol. Answer: Introduction TCP stands for transmission control protocol. In transmission control protocol (TCP) higher layer helps to manage the assembling of message or file into a smaller packets. The address of each packet is handled by lower layer internet protocol. The commands used to retrieve all these information (Physical Address, IP Address, Subnet Mask, Default Gateway, DNS and DHCP server address) will be mentioned. The difference and its advantage of using IPv4 and IPv6 will be given. About TCP/IP and its common protocol will be done. Relation between a domain name and TCP/IP address will be given. Functionality of DNS and DHCP server will be given. The network address and its calculation will be derived. IP address of Google and its average delay of the packets will be given. The ipconfig/all keyword is used to find all address in the cmd. This single command can be used to find all addresses. To open the cmd, click start and type cmd in the "Run" menu. Then enter the keyword ipconfig/all. Then click "Enter" key, you will get all addresses[1]. Internet Protocol address is used to find each system in the network. This identifier shows the system in a unique manner from other devices such as printer, mobile device, router, etc. This address will be put into a unique system such as computer and other devices such as printer, router, mobile devices, etc. [6]. An IP address is formatted by 32-bit numeric address and it is written as four numbers separated by periods. Its number ranges from 0 to 255.IP address is assigned within an isolated network. Main difference between Ipv6 and Ipv4 IPv6 IPv4 It is also a binary number but it is mentioned in hexadecimals. It is the binary number and it is also mentioned in decimals. 128 bit length is required for IPv6. 32 bit length is required for IPv4. IPv6 does not have the optional fields. But it has the extension headers. IPv4 header have the Options fields. But IPv6 has only one method for fragmentation such as only by sender. By using the two methods of IPv4, do the fragmentation such as sender and forwarding routers. With the help of Flow Label concept, IPv6 identifies the packet flow. At the same time it is done only within the IPv6 header. By using the IPv4 the packet flows cannot be identified. Multicast Listener Discovery (MLD) messages is used to replace GMP. To manage multicast group membership Internet Group Management Protocol (IGMP) is used. IPv6 contains the inbuilt IPsec Support. IPv4 does not have the inbuilt IPsec Support. In the optional manner it uses the IPsec. Is there any advantage of using IPv6 above IPv4 Yes there is many advantages of using IPv6 above IPv4. Rather than the IPv4 address, the IPv6 has many advantages. We already seen from the above table. The main advantage of using IPv6 is the run out of IPv4 address. The main usage of the IPv6 are discussed in the following two topics. Client-side IP address assignment, no need for DHCP By using the client device IPv6 have some main advantage. That is the address can be assigned in a two different ways such as automatically and dynamically. It means the requirement of DHCP server is not needed in IPv6.But IPv4 has the requirement of DHCP server. Multiple network addresses assigned to the same device For a single device we can assign many address. It is second important feature of IPV6. It has the great boon to connect many networks at the same time. TCP/IP is called as two layer program. TCP is called as a higher layer and IP is called as a lower layer. The higher layer of TCP protocol is used to convert the huge file or information into the small packets. IP is used to handle each packet address [2]. FTP SSH TELNET SMTP DNS DHCP Relation between a domain name and TCP/IP Address Domain Name service is a mechanism to translate the domain name into IP address and vice versa. Human brain can remember names better than numbers for example it is easy to remember https://www.quora.com rather than its IP 103.243.13.60.so whenever you type https://www.quora.com in your browser, DNS server will be configured in your network address and gets a query for IP address of https://www.quora.com [8]. Check yourself startruntype nslookup NSLOOKUP NSLookup gives a charge line utility to diagnose the DNS issues. It is the most fundamental utilization, NSLookup gives back the IP address with coordinating host name [7]. Ping to www.google.com from cmd The PING utility is used to test the network between two hosts. PING utilizes an uncommon convention is called Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) and to decide whether the remote machine (server, site and so forth) can get test bundle and the answer. Ping command is used to verify IP-level connectivity. whenever it starts to troubleshoot use ping to send ICMP echo request to IP address or target host name Likewise an incredible approach is available to confirm whether TCP/IP is introduced and Network Card is working or not. By Pinging the loopback address (127.0.0.1) we will begin to check whether TCP/IP is introduced and then check it is arranged accurately in the nearby PC. Using cmd promote type ping www.google.com. The result is given below: Net stat (Network Statistics) it display the network connection of both outgoing and incoming routing tables and also it display the number of network interface statistics. It is a very helpful tool to find about the problems and by using performance measurement it determines about the amount of traffic occurs in network. Net stat provides statistics for protocol name (TCP or UDP), local address and foreign address. Parameters using this command must be prefixed with hypen (-) than a slash (-). Net stat provides statistics over incoming and outgoing traffic. DNS server can utilize the foundation zone stacking to start reacting the inquiries very quickly when it restarts, rather than holding up until the zones are completely stacked. The DNS server can react to questions for the hubs whether it has stacked or it can be recovered from AD DS. This uses additionally gives another favorable position when zone information is put away from AD DS as opposed in a document [4]. It automatically provides IP address for client computer. It also manager the IP address of the clients. It provides configuration for the network clients. It has reliability for the configuration of IP addresses. It reduces the work of Network administration. It has valid parameters for the TCP/IP configuration for the client network [5]. Conclusion The command we used to retrieve all these information (Physical Address, IP Address, Subnet Mask, Default Gateway, DNS and DHCP server address) is mentioned. The difference and its advantage of using IPv4 and IPv6 is given. About TCP/IP and its common protocol is given. Relation between a domain name and TCP/IP address is given. Functionality of DNs and DHCP server is done. The network address and its calculation is given. IP address of Google and its average delay of the packets is found. References NETworking, 1st ed. [Hong Kong]: Regional NET Coordinating Team, NET Section, CDI, EDB, 2013. NETworking, 1st ed. [Hong Kong]: Education Bureau, 2008. "IP Calculator / IP Subnetting",Jodies.de, 2017. [Online]. Available: https://jodies.de/ipcalc. [Accessed: 28- Apr- 2017]. "DNS Server Role",Technet.microsoft.com, 2017. [Online]. Available: https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/cc753635(v=ws.10).aspx. [Accessed: 28- Apr- 2017]. "What Is DHCP?: Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP)",Technet.microsoft.com, 2017. [Online]. Available: https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/cc781008(v=ws.10).aspx. [Accessed: 28- Apr- 2017]. "What is an IP Address?",Iplocation.net, 2017. [Online]. Available: https://www.iplocation.net/ip-address. [Accessed: 28- Apr- 2017]. "What is TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol)? - Definition from WhatIs.com",SearchNetworking, 2017. [Online]. Available: https://searchnetworking.techtarget.com/definition/TCP-IP. [Accessed: 28- Apr- 2017]. "What is TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol)?",Computerhope.com, 2017. [Online]. Available: https://www.computerhope.com/jargon/t/tcpip.htm. [Accessed: 28- Apr- 2017]

The Actor Essays - Performing Arts, Acting, Role-playing, Actor

The Actor Moe Minkara The Actor What is acting, who are people which we can name actors? In fact we are all actors. Every single human being is an actor in his everyday life. Yet acting can be subdivided into two parts depending on a professional basis or daily one. Within the professional acting there are two major categories, Imitation and the art of becoming. Imitation, is when an actor tries to mime or imitate a certain character by talking the same way and making similar physical gestures that the character him self would normally do. Yet imitating is not enough because although the actor mimes a character, he does not feel like him thus making it hard for the audience to believe what they are seeing. Therefor the second most important step is for the actor to believe and to become the character. For him to do so, he has to carefully study the character he wishes to act. He should study every single detail, full embodiment, from the way the actor moves to the slightest tic he may have. Sometimes actors should live out their parts in real life, which helps them to get used to and be comfortable with whom they are. One of the most important factors in acting is Virtuosity, which is in way or another to excel in one or more thing such as the use of ones voice, or body. Virtuosity brings out the magnificence in a character or simply in a person. The second most important aspect is magic that brings under it presence, magnetism, and charisma. Magic is felt, and is considered more of a feeling or a vibe that the actor sends to the audience. In order to become good actors, one has to understand and be able to use the actor's instrument . The actor's instruments can be best described as controlling ones mind and can be subdivided in two main parts physiological and psychological. The most important factor under physiological instrument is the voice, which includes how to breathe, speak, project and control the many powers that one can control with his voice. Furthermore, another main factor to be considered is the physiological instrument. This instrument is used to control ones physical relaxation, muscular control, economy of action, and expressive rhythms and movement patterns. All these help the character maintain an act or hold stage throughout an entire performance. Imagination and surprise are very important weapons or power for an actor. Helping the actor to bring reality and spontaneity to the stage. Yet the most important of all is discipline. For the life of an actor is not a very easy life to lead. They require a lot of work, concentration, and patience at the most obscure hours of the day. They should be in control of themselves and know how to deal with people and most importantly how to deal with his co-workers. Being a disciplined actor does not mean slavery, yet he or she is required to know how to work rigorously to develop his or her physiological and psychological instrument. Furthermore, another important factor is the actor's approach. Under this category, there are two traditional methods that actors usually follow. The first is the external or technical and the internal or truthful. The external method is when the actor acts out physically the role without regard to personal feelings. Believers in such an external approach treat the actor's performance as an analogue of reality rather than a direct embodiment of it. Contrary to this, the internal methods focus on the actor's personal assumption of his character. These internal methods tend to expand th psychological dimensions of a performance and to help assimilate the reality of the character being played. you must live the life of your character on stage . Every actor has a certain routine to follow composed of three stages, the auditing, rehearsal, and finally the performance. The first is the way the actor gets the role. The second is the way the actor learns it. The last is the way the actor produces it. In auditioning, it is vital for the actor to feel at ease with handling the role, naturalness of delivery, physical. Vocal, and emotional suitability for the role. All

Grapes of Wrath-Fiction vs. Non Fiction essays

Grapes of Wrath-Fiction vs. Non Fiction essays A portrait of the bitter conflict between the powerful and the powerless, of one man's fierce reaction to the injustice of the time, and of a familys quiet, forbearing strength, The Grapes of Wrath is a landmark of American literature, one that captures the horrors of the Great Depression and the Dust Bowl as it probes into the very nature of equality and justice in early twentieth century America. In the epic tale of the Joad familys migration from the terror floating in the midst of the Oklahoma Dust Bowl to the Eden of California, John Steinbeck depicts the lives of ordinary people striving to preserve their humanity in the face of social and economic desperation. When the Joads lose their tenant farm in Oklahoma, they join thousands of others, traveling the narrow concrete highways toward California and the dream of a piece of land to call their own. Each night on the road, they and their fellow migrants recreate the past, and rather, faraway society where leaders are chosen, silent standards of privacy and generosity evolve, and passion, violence, and malicious rage erupt (Bender, 20-25). Published in 1939, John Steinbeck's novel The Grapes of Wrath drew attention to the hardships faced by the "Okies": poor farmers who moved from the Dust Bowl area to California in search of work. While writing the book, John Steinbeck visited Bakersfield, California and based his book on Arvin Federal Government Camp, which he portrayed as "Weedpatch Camp." (Owens, 5). The camps solemn yet radical atmosphere, combined with the plight of Americas Great Depression bestowed onto the story a pungent perspective to that unforgettable time period. The camps history began in 1935 and lasted until 1940, when over one million people left their homes in Oklahoma, Texas, Arkansas and Missouri to escape the wind, dust, and drought caused by the monstrous Dust Bowl (Fanslow, 2). They quickly set out for Cal...

René Laennec and the Invention of the Stethoscope

Renà © Laennec and the Invention of the Stethoscope The stethoscope is an implement for listening to the internal sounds of the body. It is widely used by doctors and veterinarians to gather data from their patients, in particular, breathing and heart rate. The stethoscope may be acoustic or electronic, and some modern stethoscopes record sounds, as well.   The Stethoscope: An Instrument Born of Embarrassment The stethoscope was invented in 1816 by the French physician Renà © Thà ©ophile Hyacinthe Laà «nnec (1781-1826) at the Necker-Enfants Malades Hospital in Paris. The doctor was treating a female patient and was embarrassed to use the traditional method of Immediate Auscultation, which involved the doctor pressing his ear to the patients chest. (Laà «nnec recounts that the method was rendered  inadmissible by the age and sex of the patient.) Instead, he rolled up a sheet of paper into a tube, which allowed him to hear his patients heartbeat. Laà «nnecs embarrassment gave rise to one of the most important and ubiquitous medical instruments. The first stethoscope was a wooden tube similar to the ear horn hearing aids of the time. Between 1816 and 1840, the various practitioners and inventors replaced the rigid tube with a flexible one, but documentation of this phase of the device’s evolution is spotty. We do know that the next leap forward in stethoscope technology took place in 1851 when an Irish doctor named Arthur Leared invented a binaural (two-ear) version of the stethoscope. This was refined the next year by George Cammann and put into mass production.   Other improvements to the stethoscope came in 1926, when Dr. Howard Sprague of Harvard Medical School and M.B. Rappaport, an electrical engineer, developed a double-headed chest piece. One side of the chest piece, a flat plastic diaphragm, rendered higher-frequency sounds when pressed to the patient’s skin, while the other side, a cup-like bell, allowed sounds of a lower frequency to be discerned.

Duke Ellington Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Duke Ellington - Essay Example To write everything in just two pages would be impossible, so let's deal with the most important ones. To begin with we'd have to deal with Duke Ellington's origins. James Edward Ellington (Duke's father) who made blueprints for the navy and worked both as a carpenter and a White House butler, and Daisy (Kennedy) Ellington (Duke's mother) were strongly religious people belonging to the middle class black families in the USA. Both of them could play the piano well, and exposed their son to music at an early age (with "Miss Clinkscales"- his piano teacher, as he nicknamed her), hoping he would learn the piano and start playing the church organ later. However, E. K. "Duke" Ellington showed as more interested in drawing and painting at the time than in music. He created a poster and won a prize from the NAACP (National Association for the Advancement of Colored People) for it. He became interested in music in his teenage years (in high school) after all, because he realized girls liked p iano players, so he continued his piano lessons. At the age of fifteen he worked in a soda-shop after school. This experience led to his first composition, a jazz song titled as "Soda Fountain Rag". That was the time when he got his nickname Duke. Why and how he got it can only be speculated because there are so many stories about it (Duke Ellington Biography, http://www.musicguide/biographies/160800462/Duke-Ellington.html ). Duke dropped out of high school and started playing in jazz bands by night and painted signs as a freelancer during the day to make a living. Good looking, he married relatively young on July 2, 1918 to Edna Thompson. His only son from this marriage, Mercer, took leadership over the band after his death. What should be said about Duke's personality and appearances It could be seen the best from his personal quotes like "I'm a telephone freak, the greatest invention since peanut brittle" or when asked about how he got the scar on his face he replied " I have four stories about it, and it depends on which you like the best. One is a taxicab accident; another is that I slipped and fell on a broken bottle; then there is a jealous woman, and last is Old Heidelberg, where they used to stand toe to toe with a saber in each hand, and slash away. The first man to step back lost the contest, no matter how many times he's sliced the other. Take your pick." Also, in regards to his personality, we must add his own words and views on races and categories: "I don't believe in categories of any kind, and when you speak of problems between blacks and whites in the USA, you are referring to categories again" (Duke Ellington - Biography, http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0254153/bio ). Duke Ellington spent most part of his life on the road. Speaking of successful touring and performing, one mustn't neglect and forget the fact about Duke's restless and ambitious character. Although Duke grew up surrounded by people from the middle class, he became a man of dignity and tended to reach for higher goals in his life. He visited New York in 1923 for the first time, but before settling in New York he played together with Sonny Greer (a drummer from New Jersey), Otto Hardwicke and Arthur Whetsol in Wisconsin and Atlantic City. He assembled several